Speeches & Testimony

Testimony on International Organized Crime

Testimony Before the House International Relations Committee
on International Organized Crime
by David Carey, Director, DCI Crime and Narcotics Center

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Space

Introduction

Words that many fields and different disciplines such as philosophy, sociology, architecture and urban widely used. But the proliferation of space use words to mean withdrawal of the same concept in all of the above areas is not defined, but the space is review different perspectives.

Studies show that there seems to understand that those words are almost agreed definition of absolute space did not scientific discussions and the frequency of word meaning is of relatively high and there is no comprehensive definition that encompasses all aspects of this concept is. Space is a very common category. Space being filled with the world and we all surrounding life and ... .
Mercury, such as the nature of space because fluvial flow, capture and define the problem well. If the cage is not strong enough to pierce easily to the outside and is missing. Space can be so thin and wide come to feel to go there after between (for example, vast plains, space seems to have absolutely no later) and next Tuesday so full there is anything in that particular area gives the concept .

Although accurate and specific definition of space is difficult and even impossible, but space is measurable. For example, say not enough space is available or space is full. Closest definition is that Khlay space in which we can place the object in itself or something to be filled. Another point in space defined to be noted, however, is always based on a predetermined ratio of something and is not constant, between observers and there is space. So that one location, space and space defines the point, he saw different faces is perception.

Seyr-e Tahavvol historic concept space

Conceptual space is long by many scholars to examine the different historical periods and based on common social and cultural approaches, different techniques is defined. Although the Egyptian and Indian comments were different in space, but were sharing the belief that no specific boundary between the inner space thought (subjective reality) with the space outside (objective reality) does not exist. In fact, internal and mental space dreams, mythology and legends combined with the real world everyday.

What more than anything mythological space with attention to focus, aspects of system construction and Fzast findings, but found space to a system that arose from the mythological imagination is the creator. Ancient Greek language, there was no space for words. They instead used the space between the term. Greek philosophers reflected read object space.

• Plato's view the problem more Tymayvs (Timaeus) to review and geometry as a science Alfza’ be harvested, but it Aristotle's theory of space Vagzasht (maul) to complete.
  
  
• Aristotle, a collection of space Mkanhast. The space within all objects described as well. Aristotle space within the analogy is empty and it knows where the package should be around in order to exist and thus it is finally. In fact, for Aristotle, a space within the content.
  
  
• Lvkrytvs (Lucretius) also rely on the theories of Aristotle, as the vacuum of space can remember. She said: All the universe is based on two things: objects and vacuum, which objects to a special place in a vacuum of its own and the Hrktand. In Greece and in ancient generally two types of space-based definition for the trend is thought to be review:
  
  

Platonic definition of the space as a fixed existence between Nrftny sees that everything is formed within this space is replaced. Arstvyy defined as the space or place Topos and its expression is Klytr knows that part of space within its limits the volume that it has its place, is matched. Plato defined more success history of the definition found in Aristotle and the Renaissance was completed with Newton's definitions and concepts and absolute dimensional space composed of time and fill it Kalbdhayy income.

• Jyvrdanv Bruno (Giordano Bruno): in the sixteenth century, referring to Kprnyk theory, the theory Nzryhhayy as Aristotle said. His opinion through space is what it (wall), to understand and surrounding space, or space will be converted between. Space is a set of relationships between objects and Aristotle as it has expressed, not sure that all the must always ultimately be trapped.
  
  In the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, again based on the concept of Euclidean space was formed. The world of art, Jyvtv role played in the evolution of the concept of space, so his perspective based on the use of Euclidean space, a new way of organizing and providing space for the village.

Renaissance

With the advent of Renaissance, three-dimensional space as a function of linear perspective was introduced some concepts which strengthen the atmosphere of medieval and others were removed. The victory of this new form of expression space of the differences between the visual world and visual field and thus the distinction between what is aware of human existence and what it sees, was.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, baroque and Renaissance Tjrbhgrayy concept of space formed Pvyatry very complicated and difficult it was organized. Gradually after the Renaissance concepts of metaphysical concepts of space and physical space and more isolated areas Metaphysical It was attention, but contrary in the fields of science, the concept of place space was filled Rngtr.

Descartes theory

Descartes most influential thinkers of the seventeenth century, the church flourished Hdfasl between the abuse and promote a philosophy of Europe the other hand, is. Property in his metaphysical theories of space is emphasized, but still he stressed physics and mechanics, originally orthogonal coordinate system (Cartesian) to be used to identify spaces that can make the important assumption about the space of Euclid. Cartesian method at all levels and forms have the same value as parts of infinite space are discussed. Before Descartes, space, and then only the importance of quality and space objects will help to express the numbers would never have appeared. Next to his role a bit of space and place

Opinion Leibniz and Newton

Leibniz Proponents of theory and believed relative space, space is merely a system of relations between mental things without volume and is usually used. The space to coexist as a system or system objects are all objects are the same, saw. Unlike لایب Nytz, Newton Space composed of points and the moments when belief was formed in the space and time independent of the objects and events that they were done.

In principle, allowed him to be an absolute space and time (theory of absolute space), respectively. According to Newton's space and time to expand Zrfhayy real objects are infinite. Within the total sequence of natural events in the world, finds a place defined. Thus, objects in motion or repose of the occurrence of substantial changes and their relation to other objects are not related.

Kant's theory

1800 years after Aristotle, Kant Jnbhay of space as distinct from and independent of human understanding of matter, will be considered. His absolute space and time aspects of Newton's theory of external world stage as the human mind and extended his philosophical theories founded upon them will. According to Kant, space and time issues that concept and intuitive in exactly the structure of the human mind and have thought his place and sense organs are considered to be low and unable to self.

Space concept and practical experience obtained outside world can not be obtained. Can only space to define the human perspective. Fry mental status of our open space Nmvdhay is something that, no meaning, because not indicate any of the attributes and values Fzast not address them together Rabthshan. Thus, with this view what we call foreign objects, nothing other than spend Nmvdhay Ahsas·hay Shklshan Fzast we are not.

Opinion Hegel

Hegel believed that truth was not space and time. In his time is just illusions caused by our inability to see is total. Bergson's philosophy of space as a characteristic of material fact that Brmykhyzd cutoff. Conversely All property is basic life or mind. His opinion, time, time is not mathematical, but accumulation is equal moments of time in the form of mathematical Fzast.

Space Physics

Defined Unpack Physics is in dispute. Various ideas that have been used to define space include are:

• Structure with a set of "distance communication" between objects is defined.
  
  
• A Manyfvld by the coordinate system (where an object can be (is defined.
• An institution that all objects in the world except in open contact with each other.
  
  

Der Classical physics Space a Euclidean space Tuesday is the next, where each position using three coordinates is described. Physics Relativity New Space - Time Instead uses space, space - time as a four-dimensional model is Manyfvld. Philosophical questions about space, including:

Whether space is absolute or as pure relativism? Space there is a correct geometry or solid geometry has made only one? Prominent historical figures such as Isaac Newton (Isaac Newton) (unpack absolute Ast), لایب Nytz Gottfried Leibniz (space ratio) and Pvankarh Henry (Henri Poincare) (spatial geometry is a put), the world's leading this conflict are. Unpack Parts is relatively empty universe, planets outside the atmosphere. Sometimes called "international space" is called "air space to be clean earth places.

Since the The earth's atmosphere Have no slope or sudden cuts, but as a gradual increase height is thin, no clear boundary between space and the atmosphere there. The land, who above the height of 80 kilometers (50 miles) have traveled, Astronaut Say. Height of 120 kilometers (400,000 feet or 75 miles) border that determines when to atmospheric effects are significant. The height often 100 kilometers (or 62 miles) for the boundary between the atmosphere and space is used.

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